![]() The electronic search encompassed studies dating from the publication of Spreitzer's empowerment scale ( Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442–1465, 1995b) up to January 2019. ![]() The study also analyses the antecedents and consequences of PE and explores potential moderators of the relationship between this variable and its correlates. ( 1995a, b), using meta-analytical techniques. In this study, the aim is to systematically review, analyze and quantify correlational empirical research focusing on empowerment, as understood by the theory developed by Spreitzer et al. Over the last twenty years, research into PE has reported strong evidence reaffirming its role as a motivational factor in organizational psychology. Thus, carefully considering what to include or exclude needs to be done, and it is not always perfect.Psychological empowerment (PE) is a subjective, cognitive and attitudinal process that helps individuals feel effective, competent and authorized to carry out tasks. The criterion used may not be appropriate for the hypothesis and may incorrectly exclude or include studies in the meta-analysis, affecting the results.Esterhuizen and Thabane (2016) emphasised that meta-analyses are often criticised for including poor-quality research, comparing heterogeneous research and not addressing publication bias.In that case, it may not be appropriate to use a meta-analysis. Suppose the researcher is investigating a new area of research or a phenomenon many researchers have not investigated before.In addition, they will need to determine if the studies are of acceptable standards regarding reliability and validity. It will take time for researchers to identify all of the relevant research. Although the researcher does not collect the data, the meta-analysis methodology can still be time-consuming.The studies included in the meta-analysis will likely use different research designs, raising the question of whether the data is comparable.Researchers need to ensure the research studies they are combining into their meta-analysis are reliable and valid, as this can affect the reliability and validity of the meta-analysis. ![]() For example, it can provide a reliable, precise summary of whether an intervention is effective as a treatment method.
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